net80211.c

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/*
 * The iPXE 802.11 MAC layer.
 *
 * Copyright (c) 2009 Joshua Oreman <oremanj@rwcr.net>.
 *
 * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
 * modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as
 * published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the
 * License, or any later version.
 *
 * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
 * WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
 * General Public License for more details.
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
 * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
 * Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
 * 02110-1301, USA.
 */

FILE_LICENCE ( GPL2_OR_LATER );

#include <string.h>
#include <byteswap.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <ipxe/settings.h>
#include <ipxe/if_arp.h>
#include <ipxe/ethernet.h>
#include <ipxe/ieee80211.h>
#include <ipxe/netdevice.h>
#include <ipxe/net80211.h>
#include <ipxe/sec80211.h>
#include <ipxe/timer.h>
#include <ipxe/nap.h>
#include <ipxe/errortab.h>
#include <ipxe/net80211_err.h>

/** @file
 *
 * 802.11 device management
 */

/** List of 802.11 devices */
static struct list_head net80211_devices = LIST_HEAD_INIT ( net80211_devices );

/** Set of device operations that does nothing */
static struct net80211_device_operations net80211_null_ops;

/** Information associated with a received management packet
 *
 * This is used to keep beacon signal strengths in a parallel queue to
 * the beacons themselves.
 */
struct net80211_rx_info {
        int signal;
        struct list_head list;
};

/** Context for a probe operation */
struct net80211_probe_ctx {
        /** 802.11 device to probe on */
        struct net80211_device *dev;

        /** Value of keep_mgmt before probe was started */
        int old_keep_mgmt;

        /** If scanning actively, pointer to probe packet to send */
        struct io_buffer *probe;

        /** If non-"", the ESSID to limit ourselves to */
        const char *essid;

        /** Time probe was started */
        u32 ticks_start;

        /** Time last useful beacon was received */
        u32 ticks_beacon;

        /** Time channel was last changed */
        u32 ticks_channel;

        /** Time to stay on each channel */
        u32 hop_time;

        /** Channels to hop by when changing channel */
        int hop_step;

        /** List of best beacons for each network found so far */
        struct list_head *beacons;
};

/** Context for the association task */
struct net80211_assoc_ctx {
        /** Next authentication method to try using */
        int method;

        /** Time (in ticks) of the last sent association-related packet */
        int last_packet;

        /** Number of times we have tried sending it */
        int times_tried;
};

/**
 * Detect secure 802.11 network when security support is not available
 *
 * @return -ENOTSUP, always.
 */
__weak int sec80211_detect ( struct io_buffer *iob __unused,
                             enum net80211_security_proto *secprot __unused,
                             enum net80211_crypto_alg *crypt __unused ) {
        return -ENOTSUP;
}

/**
 * @defgroup net80211_netdev Network device interface functions
 * @{
 */
static int net80211_netdev_open ( struct net_device *netdev );
static void net80211_netdev_close ( struct net_device *netdev );
static int net80211_netdev_transmit ( struct net_device *netdev,
                                      struct io_buffer *iobuf );
static void net80211_netdev_poll ( struct net_device *netdev );
static void net80211_netdev_irq ( struct net_device *netdev, int enable );
/** @} */

/**
 * @defgroup net80211_linklayer 802.11 link-layer protocol functions
 * @{
 */
static int net80211_ll_push ( struct net_device *netdev,
                              struct io_buffer *iobuf, const void *ll_dest,
                              const void *ll_source, uint16_t net_proto );
static int net80211_ll_pull ( struct net_device *netdev,
                              struct io_buffer *iobuf, const void **ll_dest,
                              const void **ll_source, uint16_t * net_proto,
                              unsigned int *flags );
/** @} */

/**
 * @defgroup net80211_help 802.11 helper functions
 * @{
 */
static void net80211_add_channels ( struct net80211_device *dev, int start,
                                    int len, int txpower );
static void net80211_filter_hw_channels ( struct net80211_device *dev );
static void net80211_set_rtscts_rate ( struct net80211_device *dev );
static int net80211_process_capab ( struct net80211_device *dev,
                                    u16 capab );
static int net80211_process_ie ( struct net80211_device *dev,
                                 union ieee80211_ie *ie, void *ie_end );
static union ieee80211_ie *
net80211_marshal_request_info ( struct net80211_device *dev,
                                union ieee80211_ie *ie );
/** @} */

/**
 * @defgroup net80211_assoc_ll 802.11 association handling functions
 * @{
 */
static void net80211_step_associate ( struct net80211_device *dev );
static void net80211_handle_auth ( struct net80211_device *dev,
                                   struct io_buffer *iob );
static void net80211_handle_assoc_reply ( struct net80211_device *dev,
                                          struct io_buffer *iob );
static int net80211_send_disassoc ( struct net80211_device *dev, int reason,
                                    int deauth );
static void net80211_handle_mgmt ( struct net80211_device *dev,
                                   struct io_buffer *iob, int signal );
/** @} */

/**
 * @defgroup net80211_frag 802.11 fragment handling functions
 * @{
 */
static void net80211_free_frags ( struct net80211_device *dev, int fcid );
static struct io_buffer *net80211_accum_frags ( struct net80211_device *dev,
                                                int fcid, int nfrags, int size );
static void net80211_rx_frag ( struct net80211_device *dev,
                               struct io_buffer *iob, int signal );
/** @} */

/**
 * @defgroup net80211_settings 802.11 settings handlers
 * @{
 */
static int net80211_check_settings_update ( void );

/** 802.11 settings applicator
 *
 * When the SSID is changed, this will cause any open devices to
 * re-associate; when the encryption key is changed, we similarly
 * update their state.
 */
struct settings_applicator net80211_applicator __settings_applicator = {
        .apply = net80211_check_settings_update,
};

/** The network name to associate with
 *
 * If this is blank, we scan for all networks and use the one with the
 * greatest signal strength.
 */
const struct setting net80211_ssid_setting __setting ( SETTING_NETDEV_EXTRA,
                                                       ssid ) = {
        .name = "ssid",
        .description = "Wireless SSID",
        .type = &setting_type_string,
};

/** Whether to use active scanning
 *
 * In order to associate with a hidden SSID, it's necessary to use an
 * active scan (send probe packets). If this setting is nonzero, an
 * active scan on the 2.4GHz band will be used to associate.
 */
const struct setting net80211_active_setting __setting ( SETTING_NETDEV_EXTRA,
                                                         active-scan ) = {
        .name = "active-scan",
        .description = "Actively scan for wireless networks",
        .type = &setting_type_int8,
};

/** The cryptographic key to use
 *
 * For hex WEP keys, as is common, this must be entered using the
 * normal iPXE method for entering hex settings; an ASCII string of
 * hex characters will not behave as expected.
 */
const struct setting net80211_key_setting __setting ( SETTING_NETDEV_EXTRA,
                                                      key ) = {
        .name = "key",
        .description = "Wireless encryption key",
        .type = &setting_type_string,
};

/** @} */


/* ---------- net_device wrapper ---------- */

/**
 * Open 802.11 device and start association
 *
 * @v netdev    Wrapping network device
 * @ret rc      Return status code
 *
 * This sets up a default conservative set of channels for probing,
 * and starts the auto-association task unless the @c
 * NET80211_NO_ASSOC flag is set in the wrapped 802.11 device's @c
 * state field.
 */
static int net80211_netdev_open ( struct net_device *netdev )
{
        struct net80211_device *dev = netdev->priv;
        int rc = 0;

        if ( dev->op == &net80211_null_ops )
                return -EFAULT;

        if ( dev->op->open )
                rc = dev->op->open ( dev );

        if ( rc < 0 )
                return rc;

        if ( ! ( dev->state & NET80211_NO_ASSOC ) )
                net80211_autoassociate ( dev );

        return 0;
}

/**
 * Close 802.11 device
 *
 * @v netdev    Wrapping network device.
 *
 * If the association task is running, this will stop it.
 */
static void net80211_netdev_close ( struct net_device *netdev )
{
        struct net80211_device *dev = netdev->priv;

        if ( dev->state & NET80211_WORKING )
                process_del ( &dev->proc_assoc );

        /* Send disassociation frame to AP, to be polite */
        if ( dev->state & NET80211_ASSOCIATED )
                net80211_send_disassoc ( dev, IEEE80211_REASON_LEAVING, 0 );

        if ( dev->handshaker && dev->handshaker->stop &&
             dev->handshaker->started )
                dev->handshaker->stop ( dev );

        free ( dev->crypto );
        free ( dev->handshaker );
        dev->crypto = NULL;
        dev->handshaker = NULL;

        netdev_link_down ( netdev );
        dev->state = 0;

        if ( dev->op->close )
                dev->op->close ( dev );
}

/**
 * Transmit packet on 802.11 device
 *
 * @v netdev    Wrapping network device
 * @v iobuf     I/O buffer
 * @ret rc      Return status code
 *
 * If encryption is enabled for the currently associated network, the
 * packet will be encrypted prior to transmission.
 */
static int net80211_netdev_transmit ( struct net_device *netdev,
                                      struct io_buffer *iobuf )
{
        struct net80211_device *dev = netdev->priv;
        struct ieee80211_frame *hdr = iobuf->data;
        int rc = -ENOSYS;

        if ( dev->crypto && ! ( hdr->fc & IEEE80211_FC_PROTECTED ) &&
             ( ( hdr->fc & IEEE80211_FC_TYPE ) == IEEE80211_TYPE_DATA ) ) {
                struct io_buffer *niob = dev->crypto->encrypt ( dev->crypto,
                                                                iobuf );
                if ( ! niob )
                        return -ENOMEM; /* only reason encryption could fail */

                /* Free the non-encrypted iob */
                netdev_tx_complete ( netdev, iobuf );

                /* Transmit the encrypted iob; the Protected flag is
                   set, so we won't recurse into here again */
                netdev_tx ( netdev, niob );

                /* Don't transmit the freed packet */
                return 0;
        }

        if ( dev->op->transmit )
                rc = dev->op->transmit ( dev, iobuf );

        return rc;
}

/**
 * Poll 802.11 device for received packets and completed transmissions
 *
 * @v netdev    Wrapping network device
 */
static void net80211_netdev_poll ( struct net_device *netdev )
{
        struct net80211_device *dev = netdev->priv;

        if ( dev->op->poll )
                dev->op->poll ( dev );
}

/**
 * Enable or disable interrupts for 802.11 device
 *
 * @v netdev    Wrapping network device
 * @v enable    Whether to enable interrupts
 */
static void net80211_netdev_irq ( struct net_device *netdev, int enable )
{
        struct net80211_device *dev = netdev->priv;

        if ( dev->op->irq )
                dev->op->irq ( dev, enable );
}

/** Network device operations for a wrapped 802.11 device */
static struct net_device_operations net80211_netdev_ops = {
        .open = net80211_netdev_open,
        .close = net80211_netdev_close,
        .transmit = net80211_netdev_transmit,
        .poll = net80211_netdev_poll,
        .irq = net80211_netdev_irq,
};


/* ---------- 802.11 link-layer protocol ---------- */

/**
 * Determine whether a transmission rate uses ERP/OFDM
 *
 * @v rate      Rate in 100 kbps units
 * @ret is_erp  TRUE if the rate is an ERP/OFDM rate
 *
 * 802.11b supports rates of 1.0, 2.0, 5.5, and 11.0 Mbps; any other
 * rate than these on the 2.4GHz spectrum is an ERP (802.11g) rate.
 */
static inline int net80211_rate_is_erp ( u16 rate )
{
        if ( rate == 10 || rate == 20 || rate == 55 || rate == 110 )
                return 0;
        return 1;
}


/**
 * Calculate one frame's contribution to 802.11 duration field
 *
 * @v dev       802.11 device
 * @v bytes     Amount of data to calculate duration for
 * @ret dur     Duration field in microseconds
 *
 * To avoid multiple stations attempting to transmit at once, 802.11
 * provides that every packet shall include a duration field
 * specifying a length of time for which the wireless medium will be
 * reserved after it is transmitted. The duration is measured in
 * microseconds and is calculated with respect to the current
 * physical-layer parameters of the 802.11 device.
 *
 * For an unfragmented data or management frame, or the last fragment
 * of a fragmented frame, the duration captures only the 10 data bytes
 * of one ACK; call once with bytes = 10.
 *
 * For a fragment of a data or management rame that will be followed
 * by more fragments, the duration captures an ACK, the following
 * fragment, and its ACK; add the results of three calls, two with
 * bytes = 10 and one with bytes set to the next fragment's size.
 *
 * For an RTS control frame, the duration captures the responding CTS,
 * the frame being sent, and its ACK; add the results of three calls,
 * two with bytes = 10 and one with bytes set to the next frame's size
 * (assuming unfragmented).
 *
 * For a CTS-to-self control frame, the duration captures the frame
 * being protected and its ACK; add the results of two calls, one with
 * bytes = 10 and one with bytes set to the next frame's size.
 *
 * No other frame types are currently supported by iPXE.
 */
u16 net80211_duration ( struct net80211_device *dev, int bytes, u16 rate )
{
        struct net80211_channel *chan = &dev->channels[dev->channel];
        u32 kbps = rate * 100;

        if ( chan->band == NET80211_BAND_5GHZ || net80211_rate_is_erp ( rate ) ) {
                /* OFDM encoding (802.11a/g) */
                int bits_per_symbol = ( kbps * 4 ) / 1000;      /* 4us/symbol */
                int bits = 22 + ( bytes << 3 ); /* 22-bit PLCP */
                int symbols = ( bits + bits_per_symbol - 1 ) / bits_per_symbol;

                return 16 + 20 + ( symbols * 4 ); /* 16us SIFS, 20us preamble */
        } else {
                /* CCK encoding (802.11b) */
                int phy_time = 144 + 48;        /* preamble + PLCP */
                int bits = bytes << 3;
                int data_time = ( bits * 1000 + kbps - 1 ) / kbps;

                if ( dev->phy_flags & NET80211_PHY_USE_SHORT_PREAMBLE )
                        phy_time >>= 1;

                return 10 + phy_time + data_time; /* 10us SIFS */
        }
}

/**
 * Add 802.11 link-layer header
 *
 * @v netdev            Wrapping network device
 * @v iobuf             I/O buffer
 * @v ll_dest           Link-layer destination address
 * @v ll_source         Link-layer source address
 * @v net_proto         Network-layer protocol, in network byte order
 * @ret rc              Return status code
 *
 * This adds both the 802.11 frame header and the 802.2 LLC/SNAP
 * header used on data packets.
 *
 * We also check here for state of the link that would make it invalid
 * to send a data packet; every data packet must pass through here,
 * and no non-data packet (e.g. management frame) should.
 */
static int net80211_ll_push ( struct net_device *netdev,
                              struct io_buffer *iobuf, const void *ll_dest,
                              const void *ll_source, uint16_t net_proto )
{
        struct net80211_device *dev = netdev->priv;
        struct ieee80211_frame *hdr = iob_push ( iobuf,
                                                 IEEE80211_LLC_HEADER_LEN +
                                                 IEEE80211_TYP_FRAME_HEADER_LEN );
        struct ieee80211_llc_snap_header *lhdr =
                ( void * ) hdr + IEEE80211_TYP_FRAME_HEADER_LEN;

        /* We can't send data packets if we're not associated. */
        if ( ! ( dev->state & NET80211_ASSOCIATED ) ) {
                if ( dev->assoc_rc )
                        return dev->assoc_rc;
                return -ENETUNREACH;
        }

        hdr->fc = IEEE80211_THIS_VERSION | IEEE80211_TYPE_DATA |
            IEEE80211_STYPE_DATA | IEEE80211_FC_TODS;

        /* We don't send fragmented frames, so duration is the time
           for an SIFS + 10-byte ACK. */
        hdr->duration = net80211_duration ( dev, 10, dev->rates[dev->rate] );

        memcpy ( hdr->addr1, dev->bssid, ETH_ALEN );
        memcpy ( hdr->addr2, ll_source, ETH_ALEN );
        memcpy ( hdr->addr3, ll_dest, ETH_ALEN );

        hdr->seq = IEEE80211_MAKESEQ ( ++dev->last_tx_seqnr, 0 );

        lhdr->dsap = IEEE80211_LLC_DSAP;
        lhdr->ssap = IEEE80211_LLC_SSAP;
        lhdr->ctrl = IEEE80211_LLC_CTRL;
        memset ( lhdr->oui, 0x00, 3 );
        lhdr->ethertype = net_proto;

        return 0;
}

/**
 * Remove 802.11 link-layer header
 *
 * @v netdev            Wrapping network device
 * @v iobuf             I/O buffer
 * @ret ll_dest         Link-layer destination address
 * @ret ll_source       Link-layer source
 * @ret net_proto       Network-layer protocol, in network byte order
 * @ret flags           Packet flags
 * @ret rc              Return status code
 *
 * This expects and removes both the 802.11 frame header and the 802.2
 * LLC/SNAP header that are used on data packets.
 */
static int net80211_ll_pull ( struct net_device *netdev __unused,
                              struct io_buffer *iobuf,
                              const void **ll_dest, const void **ll_source,
                              uint16_t * net_proto, unsigned int *flags )
{
        struct ieee80211_frame *hdr = iobuf->data;
        struct ieee80211_llc_snap_header *lhdr =
                ( void * ) hdr + IEEE80211_TYP_FRAME_HEADER_LEN;

        /* Bunch of sanity checks */
        if ( iob_len ( iobuf ) < IEEE80211_TYP_FRAME_HEADER_LEN +
             IEEE80211_LLC_HEADER_LEN ) {
                DBGC ( netdev->priv, "802.11 %p packet too short (%zd bytes)\n",
                       netdev->priv, iob_len ( iobuf ) );
                return -EINVAL_PKT_TOO_SHORT;
        }

        if ( ( hdr->fc & IEEE80211_FC_VERSION ) != IEEE80211_THIS_VERSION ) {
                DBGC ( netdev->priv, "802.11 %p packet invalid version %04x\n",
                       netdev->priv, hdr->fc & IEEE80211_FC_VERSION );
                return -EINVAL_PKT_VERSION;
        }

        if ( ( hdr->fc & IEEE80211_FC_TYPE ) != IEEE80211_TYPE_DATA ||
             ( hdr->fc & IEEE80211_FC_SUBTYPE ) != IEEE80211_STYPE_DATA ) {
                DBGC ( netdev->priv, "802.11 %p packet not data/data (fc=%04x)\n",
                       netdev->priv, hdr->fc );
                return -EINVAL_PKT_NOT_DATA;
        }

        if ( ( hdr->fc & ( IEEE80211_FC_TODS | IEEE80211_FC_FROMDS ) ) !=
             IEEE80211_FC_FROMDS ) {
                DBGC ( netdev->priv, "802.11 %p packet not from DS (fc=%04x)\n",
                       netdev->priv, hdr->fc );
                return -EINVAL_PKT_NOT_FROMDS;
        }

        if ( lhdr->dsap != IEEE80211_LLC_DSAP || lhdr->ssap != IEEE80211_LLC_SSAP ||
             lhdr->ctrl != IEEE80211_LLC_CTRL || lhdr->oui[0] || lhdr->oui[1] ||
             lhdr->oui[2] ) {
                DBGC ( netdev->priv, "802.11 %p LLC header is not plain EtherType "
                       "encapsulator: %02x->%02x [%02x] %02x:%02x:%02x %04x\n",
                       netdev->priv, lhdr->dsap, lhdr->ssap, lhdr->ctrl,
                       lhdr->oui[0], lhdr->oui[1], lhdr->oui[2], lhdr->ethertype );
                return -EINVAL_PKT_LLC_HEADER;
        }

        iob_pull ( iobuf, sizeof ( *hdr ) + sizeof ( *lhdr ) );

        *ll_dest = hdr->addr1;
        *ll_source = hdr->addr3;
        *net_proto = lhdr->ethertype;
        *flags = ( ( is_multicast_ether_addr ( hdr->addr1 ) ?
                     LL_MULTICAST : 0 ) |
                   ( is_broadcast_ether_addr ( hdr->addr1 ) ?
                     LL_BROADCAST : 0 ) );
        return 0;
}

/** 802.11 link-layer protocol */
static struct ll_protocol net80211_ll_protocol __ll_protocol = {
        .name = "802.11",
        .push = net80211_ll_push,
        .pull = net80211_ll_pull,
        .init_addr = eth_init_addr,
        .ntoa = eth_ntoa,
        .mc_hash = eth_mc_hash,
        .eth_addr = eth_eth_addr,
        .eui64 = eth_eui64,
        .ll_proto = htons ( ARPHRD_ETHER ),     /* "encapsulated Ethernet" */
        .hw_addr_len = ETH_ALEN,
        .ll_addr_len = ETH_ALEN,
        .ll_header_len = IEEE80211_TYP_FRAME_HEADER_LEN +
                                IEEE80211_LLC_HEADER_LEN,
};


/* ---------- 802.11 network management API ---------- */

/**
 * Get 802.11 device from wrapping network device
 *
 * @v netdev    Wrapping network device
 * @ret dev     802.11 device wrapped by network device, or NULL
 *
 * Returns NULL if the network device does not wrap an 802.11 device.
 */
struct net80211_device * net80211_get ( struct net_device *netdev )
{
        struct net80211_device *dev;

        list_for_each_entry ( dev, &net80211_devices, list ) {
                if ( netdev->priv == dev )
                        return netdev->priv;
        }

        return NULL;
}

/**
 * Set state of 802.11 device keeping management frames
 *
 * @v dev       802.11 device
 * @v enable    Whether to keep management frames
 * @ret oldenab Whether management frames were enabled before this call
 *
 * If enable is TRUE, beacon, probe, and action frames will be kept
 * and may be retrieved by calling net80211_mgmt_dequeue().
 */
int net80211_keep_mgmt ( struct net80211_device *dev, int enable )
{
        int oldenab = dev->keep_mgmt;

        dev->keep_mgmt = enable;
        return oldenab;
}

/**
 * Get 802.11 management frame
 *
 * @v dev       802.11 device
 * @ret signal  Signal strength of returned management frame
 * @ret iob     I/O buffer, or NULL if no management frame is queued
 *
 * Frames will only be returned by this function if
 * net80211_keep_mgmt() has been previously called with enable set to
 * TRUE.
 *
 * The calling function takes ownership of the returned I/O buffer.
 */
struct io_buffer * net80211_mgmt_dequeue ( struct net80211_device *dev,
                                           int *signal )
{
        struct io_buffer *iobuf;
        struct net80211_rx_info *rxi;

        list_for_each_entry ( rxi, &dev->mgmt_info_queue, list ) {
                list_del ( &rxi->list );
                if ( signal )
                        *signal = rxi->signal;
                free ( rxi );

                assert ( ! list_empty ( &dev->mgmt_queue ) );
                iobuf = list_first_entry ( &dev->mgmt_queue, struct io_buffer,
                                           list );
                list_del ( &iobuf->list );
                return iobuf;
        }

        return NULL;
}

/**
 * Transmit 802.11 management frame
 *
 * @v dev       802.11 device
 * @v fc        Frame Control flags for management frame
 * @v dest      Destination access point
 * @v iob       I/O buffer
 * @ret rc      Return status code
 *
 * The @a fc argument must contain at least an IEEE 802.11 management
 * subtype number (e.g. IEEE80211_STYPE_PROBE_REQ). If it contains
 * IEEE80211_FC_PROTECTED, the frame will be encrypted prior to
 * transmission.
 *
 * It is required that @a iob have at least 24 bytes of headroom
 * reserved before its data start.
 */
int net80211_tx_mgmt ( struct net80211_device *dev, u16 fc, u8 dest[6],
                       struct io_buffer *iob )
{
        struct ieee80211_frame *hdr = iob_push ( iob,
                                                 IEEE80211_TYP_FRAME_HEADER_LEN );

        hdr->fc = IEEE80211_THIS_VERSION | IEEE80211_TYPE_MGMT |
            ( fc & ~IEEE80211_FC_PROTECTED );
        hdr->duration = net80211_duration ( dev, 10, dev->rates[dev->rate] );
        hdr->seq = IEEE80211_MAKESEQ ( ++dev->last_tx_seqnr, 0 );

        memcpy ( hdr->addr1, dest, ETH_ALEN );  /* DA = RA */
        memcpy ( hdr->addr2, dev->netdev->ll_addr, ETH_ALEN );  /* SA = TA */
        memcpy ( hdr->addr3, dest, ETH_ALEN );  /* BSSID */

        if ( fc & IEEE80211_FC_PROTECTED ) {
                if ( ! dev->crypto )
                        return -EINVAL_CRYPTO_REQUEST;

                struct io_buffer *eiob = dev->crypto->encrypt ( dev->crypto,
                                                                iob );
                free_iob ( iob );
                iob = eiob;
        }

        return netdev_tx ( dev->netdev, iob );
}


/* ---------- Driver API ---------- */

/** 802.11 association process descriptor */
static struct process_descriptor net80211_process_desc =
        PROC_DESC ( struct net80211_device, proc_assoc,
                    net80211_step_associate );

/**
 * Allocate 802.11 device
 *
 * @v priv_size         Size of driver-private allocation area
 * @ret dev             Newly allocated 802.11 device
 *
 * This function allocates a net_device with space in its private area
 * for both the net80211_device it will wrap and the driver-private
 * data space requested. It initializes the link-layer-specific parts
 * of the net_device, and links the net80211_device to the net_device
 * appropriately.
 */
struct net80211_device * net80211_alloc ( size_t priv_size )
{
        struct net80211_device *dev;
        struct net_device *netdev =
                alloc_netdev ( sizeof ( *dev ) + priv_size );

        if ( ! netdev )
                return NULL;

        netdev->ll_protocol = &net80211_ll_protocol;
        netdev->ll_broadcast = eth_broadcast;
        netdev->max_pkt_len = IEEE80211_MAX_DATA_LEN;
        netdev_init ( netdev, &net80211_netdev_ops );

        dev = netdev->priv;
        dev->netdev = netdev;
        dev->priv = ( u8 * ) dev + sizeof ( *dev );
        dev->op = &net80211_null_ops;

        process_init_stopped ( &dev->proc_assoc, &net80211_process_desc,
                               &netdev->refcnt );
        INIT_LIST_HEAD ( &dev->mgmt_queue );
        INIT_LIST_HEAD ( &dev->mgmt_info_queue );

        return dev;
}

/**
 * Register 802.11 device with network stack
 *
 * @v dev       802.11 device
 * @v ops       802.11 device operations
 * @v hw        802.11 hardware information
 *
 * This also registers the wrapping net_device with the higher network
 * layers.
 */
int net80211_register ( struct net80211_device *dev,
                        struct net80211_device_operations *ops,
                        struct net80211_hw_info *hw )
{
        dev->op = ops;
        dev->hw = malloc ( sizeof ( *hw ) );
        if ( ! dev->hw )
                return -ENOMEM;

        memcpy ( dev->hw, hw, sizeof ( *hw ) );
        memcpy ( dev->netdev->hw_addr, hw->hwaddr, ETH_ALEN );

        /* Set some sensible channel defaults for driver's open() function */
        memcpy ( dev->channels, dev->hw->channels,
                 NET80211_MAX_CHANNELS * sizeof ( dev->channels[0] ) );
        dev->channel = 0;

        /* Mark device as not supporting interrupts, if applicable */
        if ( ! ops->irq )
                dev->netdev->state |= NETDEV_IRQ_UNSUPPORTED;

        list_add_tail ( &dev->list, &net80211_devices );
        return register_netdev ( dev->netdev );
}

/**
 * Unregister 802.11 device from network stack
 *
 * @v dev       802.11 device
 *
 * After this call, the device operations are cleared so that they
 * will not be called.
 */
void net80211_unregister ( struct net80211_device *dev )
{
        unregister_netdev ( dev->netdev );
        list_del ( &dev->list );
        dev->op = &net80211_null_ops;
}

/**
 * Free 802.11 device
 *
 * @v dev       802.11 device
 *
 * The device should be unregistered before this function is called.
 */
void net80211_free ( struct net80211_device *dev )
{
        free ( dev->hw );
        rc80211_free ( dev->rctl );
        netdev_nullify ( dev->netdev );
        netdev_put ( dev->netdev );
}


/* ---------- 802.11 network management workhorse code ---------- */

/**
 * Set state of 802.11 device
 *
 * @v dev       802.11 device
 * @v clear     Bitmask of flags to clear
 * @v set       Bitmask of flags to set
 * @v status    Status or reason code for most recent operation
 *
 * If @a status represents a reason code, it should be OR'ed with
 * NET80211_IS_REASON.
 *
 * Clearing authentication also clears association; clearing
 * association also clears security handshaking state. Clearing
 * association removes the link-up flag from the wrapping net_device,
 * but setting it does not automatically set the flag; that is left to
 * the judgment of higher-level code.
 */
static inline void net80211_set_state ( struct net80211_device *dev,
                                        short clear, short set,
                                        u16 status )
{
        /* The conditions in this function are deliberately formulated
           to be decidable at compile-time in most cases. Since clear
           and set are generally passed as constants, the body of this
           function can be reduced down to a few statements by the
           compiler. */

        const int statmsk = NET80211_STATUS_MASK | NET80211_IS_REASON;

        if ( clear & NET80211_PROBED )
                clear |= NET80211_AUTHENTICATED;

        if ( clear & NET80211_AUTHENTICATED )
                clear |= NET80211_ASSOCIATED;

        if ( clear & NET80211_ASSOCIATED )
                clear |= NET80211_CRYPTO_SYNCED;

        dev->state = ( dev->state & ~clear ) | set;
        dev->state = ( dev->state & ~statmsk ) | ( status & statmsk );

        if ( clear & NET80211_ASSOCIATED )
                netdev_link_down ( dev->netdev );

        if ( ( clear | set ) & NET80211_ASSOCIATED )
                dev->op->config ( dev, NET80211_CFG_ASSOC );

        if ( status != 0 ) {
                if ( status & NET80211_IS_REASON )
                        dev->assoc_rc = -E80211_REASON ( status );
                else
                        dev->assoc_rc = -E80211_STATUS ( status );
                netdev_link_err ( dev->netdev, dev->assoc_rc );
        }
}

/**
 * Add channels to 802.11 device
 *
 * @v dev       802.11 device
 * @v start     First channel number to add
 * @v len       Number of channels to add
 * @v txpower   TX power (dBm) to allow on added channels
 *
 * To replace the current list of channels instead of adding to it,
 * set the nr_channels field of the 802.11 device to 0 before calling
 * this function.
 */
static void net80211_add_channels ( struct net80211_device *dev, int start,
                                    int len, int txpower )
{
        int i, chan = start;

        for ( i = dev->nr_channels; len-- && i < NET80211_MAX_CHANNELS; i++ ) {
                dev->channels[i].channel_nr = chan;
                dev->channels[i].maxpower = txpower;
                dev->channels[i].hw_value = 0;

                if ( chan >= 1 && chan <= 14 ) {
                        dev->channels[i].band = NET80211_BAND_2GHZ;
                        if ( chan == 14 )
                                dev->channels[i].center_freq = 2484;
                        else
                                dev->channels[i].center_freq = 2407 + 5 * chan;
                        chan++;
                } else {
                        dev->channels[i].band = NET80211_BAND_5GHZ;
                        dev->channels[i].center_freq = 5000 + 5 * chan;
                        chan += 4;
                }
        }

        dev->nr_channels = i;
}

/**
 * Filter 802.11 device channels for hardware capabilities
 *
 * @v dev       802.11 device
 *
 * Hardware may support fewer channels than regulatory restrictions
 * allow; this function filters out channels in dev->channels that are
 * not supported by the hardware list in dev->hwinfo. It also copies
 * over the net80211_channel::hw_value and limits maximum TX power
 * appropriately.
 *
 * Channels are matched based on center frequency, ignoring band and
 * channel number.
 *
 * If the driver specifies no supported channels, the effect will be
 * as though all were supported.
 */
static void net80211_filter_hw_channels ( struct net80211_device *dev )
{
        int delta = 0, i = 0;
        int old_freq = dev->channels[dev->channel].center_freq;
        struct net80211_channel *chan, *hwchan;

        if ( ! dev->hw->nr_channels )
                return;

        dev->channel = 0;
        for ( chan = dev->channels; chan < dev->channels + dev->nr_channels;
              chan++, i++ ) {
                int ok = 0;
                for ( hwchan = dev->hw->channels;
                      hwchan < dev->hw->channels + dev->hw->nr_channels;
                      hwchan++ ) {
                        if ( hwchan->center_freq == chan->center_freq ) {
                                ok = 1;
                                break;
                        }
                }

                if ( ! ok )
                        delta++;
                else {
                        chan->hw_value = hwchan->hw_value;
                        if ( hwchan->maxpower != 0 &&
                             chan->maxpower > hwchan->maxpower )
                                chan->maxpower = hwchan->maxpower;
                        if ( old_freq == chan->center_freq )
                                dev->channel = i - delta;
                        if ( delta )
                                chan[-delta] = *chan;
                }
        }

        dev->nr_channels -= delta;

        if ( dev->channels[dev->channel].center_freq != old_freq )
                dev->op->config ( dev, NET80211_CFG_CHANNEL );
}

/**
 * Update 802.11 device state to reflect received capabilities field
 *
 * @v dev       802.11 device
 * @v capab     Capabilities field in beacon, probe, or association frame
 * @ret rc      Return status code
 */
static int net80211_process_capab ( struct net80211_device *dev,
                                    u16 capab )
{
        u16 old_phy = dev->phy_flags;

        if ( ( capab & ( IEEE80211_CAPAB_MANAGED | IEEE80211_CAPAB_ADHOC ) ) !=
             IEEE80211_CAPAB_MANAGED ) {
                DBGC ( dev, "802.11 %p cannot handle IBSS network\n", dev );
                return -ENOSYS;
        }

        dev->phy_flags &= ~( NET80211_PHY_USE_SHORT_PREAMBLE |
                             NET80211_PHY_USE_SHORT_SLOT );

        if ( capab & IEEE80211_CAPAB_SHORT_PMBL )
                dev->phy_flags |= NET80211_PHY_USE_SHORT_PREAMBLE;

        if ( capab & IEEE80211_CAPAB_SHORT_SLOT )
                dev->phy_flags |= NET80211_PHY_USE_SHORT_SLOT;

        if ( old_phy != dev->phy_flags )
                dev->op->config ( dev, NET80211_CFG_PHY_PARAMS );

        return 0;
}

/**
 * Update 802.11 device state to reflect received information elements
 *
 * @v dev       802.11 device
 * @v ie        Pointer to first information element
 * @v ie_end    Pointer to tail of packet I/O buffer
 * @ret rc      Return status code
 */
static int net80211_process_ie ( struct net80211_device *dev,
                                 union ieee80211_ie *ie, void *ie_end )
{
        u16 old_rate = dev->rates[dev->rate];
        u16 old_phy = dev->phy_flags;
        int have_rates = 0, i;
        int ds_channel = 0;
        int changed = 0;
        int band = dev->channels[dev->channel].band;

        if ( ! ieee80211_ie_bound ( ie, ie_end ) )
                return 0;

        for ( ; ie; ie = ieee80211_next_ie ( ie, ie_end ) ) {
                switch ( ie->id ) {
                case IEEE80211_IE_SSID:
                        if ( ie->len <= 32 ) {
                                memcpy ( dev->essid, ie->ssid, ie->len );
                                dev->essid[ie->len] = 0;
                        }
                        break;

                case IEEE80211_IE_RATES:
                case IEEE80211_IE_EXT_RATES:
                        if ( ! have_rates ) {
                                dev->nr_rates = 0;
                                dev->basic_rates = 0;
                                have_rates = 1;
                        }
                        for ( i = 0; i < ie->len &&
                              dev->nr_rates < NET80211_MAX_RATES; i++ ) {
                                u8 rid = ie->rates[i];
                                u16 rate = ( rid & 0x7f ) * 5;

                                if ( rid & 0x80 )
                                        dev->basic_rates |=
                                                ( 1 << dev->nr_rates );

                                dev->rates[dev->nr_rates++] = rate;
                        }

                        break;

                case IEEE80211_IE_DS_PARAM:
                        if ( dev->channel < dev->nr_channels && ds_channel ==
                             dev->channels[dev->channel].channel_nr )
                                break;
                        ds_channel = ie->ds_param.current_channel;
                        net80211_change_channel ( dev, ds_channel );
                        break;

                case IEEE80211_IE_COUNTRY:
                        dev->nr_channels = 0;

                        DBGC ( dev, "802.11 %p setting country regulations "
                               "for %c%c\n", dev, ie->country.name[0],
                               ie->country.name[1] );
                        for ( i = 0; i < ( ie->len - 3 ) / 3; i++ ) {
                                union ieee80211_ie_country_triplet *t =
                                        &ie->country.triplet[i];
                                if ( t->first > 200 ) {
                                        DBGC ( dev, "802.11 %p ignoring regulatory "
                                               "extension information\n", dev );
                                } else {
                                        net80211_add_channels ( dev,
                                                        t->band.first_channel,
                                                        t->band.nr_channels,
                                                        t->band.max_txpower );
                                }
                        }
                        net80211_filter_hw_channels ( dev );
                        break;

                case IEEE80211_IE_ERP_INFO:
                        dev->phy_flags &= ~( NET80211_PHY_USE_PROTECTION |
                                             NET80211_PHY_USE_SHORT_PREAMBLE );
                        if ( ie->erp_info & IEEE80211_ERP_USE_PROTECTION )
                                dev->phy_flags |= NET80211_PHY_USE_PROTECTION;
                        if ( ! ( ie->erp_info & IEEE80211_ERP_BARKER_LONG ) )
                                dev->phy_flags |= NET80211_PHY_USE_SHORT_PREAMBLE;
                        break;
                }
        }

        if ( have_rates ) {
                /* Allow only those rates that are also supported by
                   the hardware. */
                int delta = 0, j;

                dev->rate = 0;
                for ( i = 0; i < dev->nr_rates; i++ ) {
                        int ok = 0;
                        for ( j = 0; j < dev->hw->nr_rates[band]; j++ ) {
                                if ( dev->hw->rates[band][j] == dev->rates[i] ){
                                        ok = 1;
                                        break;
                                }
                        }

                        if ( ! ok )
                                delta++;
                        else {
                                dev->rates[i - delta] = dev->rates[i];
                                if ( old_rate == dev->rates[i] )
                                        dev->rate = i - delta;
                        }
                }

                dev->nr_rates -= delta;

                /* Sort available rates - sorted subclumps tend to already
                   exist, so insertion sort works well. */
                for ( i = 1; i < dev->nr_rates; i++ ) {
                        u16 rate = dev->rates[i];
                        u32 tmp, br, mask;

                        for ( j = i - 1; j >= 0 && dev->rates[j] >= rate; j-- )
                                dev->rates[j + 1] = dev->rates[j];
                        dev->rates[j + 1] = rate;

                        /* Adjust basic_rates to match by rotating the
                           bits from bit j+1 to bit i left one position. */
                        mask = ( ( 1 << i ) - 1 ) & ~( ( 1 << ( j + 1 ) ) - 1 );
                        br = dev->basic_rates;
                        tmp = br & ( 1 << i );
                        br = ( br & ~( mask | tmp ) ) | ( ( br & mask ) << 1 );
                        br |= ( tmp >> ( i - j - 1 ) );
                        dev->basic_rates = br;
                }

                net80211_set_rtscts_rate ( dev );

                if ( dev->rates[dev->rate] != old_rate )
                        changed |= NET80211_CFG_RATE;
        }

        if ( dev->hw->flags & NET80211_HW_NO_SHORT_PREAMBLE )
                dev->phy_flags &= ~NET80211_PHY_USE_SHORT_PREAMBLE;
        if ( dev->hw->flags & NET80211_HW_NO_SHORT_SLOT )
                dev->phy_flags &= ~NET80211_PHY_USE_SHORT_SLOT;

        if ( old_phy != dev->phy_flags )
                changed |= NET80211_CFG_PHY_PARAMS;

        if ( changed )
                dev->op->config ( dev, changed );

        return 0;
}

/**
 * Create information elements for outgoing probe or association packet
 *
 * @v dev               802.11 device
 * @v ie                Pointer to start of information element area
 * @ret next_ie         Pointer to first byte after added information elements
 */
static union ieee80211_ie *
net80211_marshal_request_info ( struct net80211_device *dev,
                                union ieee80211_ie *ie )
{
        int i;

        ie->id = IEEE80211_IE_SSID;
        ie->len = strlen ( dev->essid );
        memcpy ( ie->ssid, dev->essid, ie->len );

        ie = ieee80211_next_ie ( ie, NULL );

        ie->id = IEEE80211_IE_RATES;
        ie->len = dev->nr_rates;
        if ( ie->len > 8 )
                ie->len = 8;

        for ( i = 0; i < ie->len; i++ ) {
                ie->rates[i] = dev->rates[i] / 5;
                if ( dev->basic_rates & ( 1 << i ) )
                        ie->rates[i] |= 0x80;
        }

        ie = ieee80211_next_ie ( ie, NULL );

        if ( dev->rsn_ie && dev->rsn_ie->id == IEEE80211_IE_RSN ) {
                memcpy ( ie, dev->rsn_ie, dev->rsn_ie->len + 2 );
                ie = ieee80211_next_ie ( ie, NULL );
        }

        if ( dev->nr_rates > 8 ) {
                /* 802.11 requires we use an Extended Basic Rates IE
                   for the rates beyond the eighth. */

                ie->id = IEEE80211_IE_EXT_RATES;
                ie->len = dev->nr_rates - 8;

                for ( ; i < dev->nr_rates; i++ ) {
                        ie->rates[i - 8] = dev->rates[i] / 5;
                        if ( dev->basic_rates & ( 1 << i ) )
                                ie->rates[i - 8] |= 0x80;
                }

                ie = ieee80211_next_ie ( ie, NULL );
        }

        if ( dev->rsn_ie && dev->rsn_ie->id == IEEE80211_IE_VENDOR ) {
                memcpy ( ie, dev->rsn_ie, dev->rsn_ie->len + 2 );
                ie = ieee80211_next_ie ( ie, NULL );
        }

        return ie;
}

/** Seconds to wait after finding a network, to possibly find better APs for it
 *
 * This is used when a specific SSID to scan for is specified.
 */
#define NET80211_PROBE_GATHER    1

/** Seconds to wait after finding a network, to possibly find other networks
 *
 * This is used when an empty SSID is specified, to scan for all
 * networks.
 */
#define NET80211_PROBE_GATHER_ALL 2

/** Seconds to allow a probe to take if no network has been found */
#define NET80211_PROBE_TIMEOUT   6

/**
 * Begin probe of 802.11 networks
 *
 * @v dev       802.11 device
 * @v essid     SSID to probe for, or "" to accept any (may not be NULL)
 * @v active    Whether to use active scanning
 * @ret ctx     Probe context
 *
 * Active scanning may only be used on channels 1-11 in the 2.4GHz
 * band, due to iPXE's lack of a complete regulatory database. If
 * active scanning is used, probe packets will be sent on each
 * channel; this can allow association with hidden-SSID networks if
 * the SSID is properly specified.
 *
 * A @c NULL return indicates an out-of-memory condition.
 *
 * The returned context must be periodically passed to
 * net80211_probe_step() until that function returns zero.
 */
struct net80211_probe_ctx * net80211_probe_start ( struct net80211_device *dev,
                                                   const char *essid,
                                                   int active )
{
        struct net80211_probe_ctx *ctx = zalloc ( sizeof ( *ctx ) );

        if ( ! ctx )
                return NULL;

        assert ( netdev_is_open ( dev->netdev ) );

        ctx->dev = dev;
        ctx->old_keep_mgmt = net80211_keep_mgmt ( dev, 1 );
        ctx->essid = essid;
        if ( dev->essid != ctx->essid )
                strcpy ( dev->essid, ctx->essid );

        if ( active ) {
                struct ieee80211_probe_req *probe_req;
                union ieee80211_ie *ie;

                ctx->probe = alloc_iob ( 128 );
                iob_reserve ( ctx->probe, IEEE80211_TYP_FRAME_HEADER_LEN );
                probe_req = ctx->probe->data;

                ie = net80211_marshal_request_info ( dev,
                                                     probe_req->info_element );

                iob_put ( ctx->probe, ( void * ) ie - ctx->probe->data );
        }

        ctx->ticks_start = currticks();
        ctx->ticks_beacon = 0;
        ctx->ticks_channel = currticks();
        ctx->hop_time = TICKS_PER_SEC / ( active ? 2 : 6 );

        /*
         * Channels on 2.4GHz overlap, and the most commonly used
         * are 1, 6, and 11. We'll get a result faster if we check
         * every 5 channels, but in order to hit all of them the
         * number of channels must be relatively prime to 5. If it's
         * not, tweak the hop.
         */
        ctx->hop_step = 5;
        while ( dev->nr_channels % ctx->hop_step == 0 && ctx->hop_step > 1 )
                ctx->hop_step--;

        ctx->beacons = malloc ( sizeof ( *ctx->beacons ) );
        INIT_LIST_HEAD ( ctx->beacons );

        dev->channel = 0;
        dev->op->config ( dev, NET80211_CFG_CHANNEL );

        return ctx;
}

/**
 * Continue probe of 802.11 networks
 *
 * @v ctx       Probe context returned by net80211_probe_start()
 * @ret rc      Probe status
 *
 * The return code will be 0 if the probe is still going on (and this
 * function should be called again), a positive number if the probe
 * completed successfully, or a negative error code if the probe
 * failed for that reason.
 *
 * Whether the probe succeeded or failed, you must call
 * net80211_probe_finish_all() or net80211_probe_finish_best()
 * (depending on whether you want information on all networks or just
 * the best-signal one) in order to release the probe context. A
 * failed probe may still have acquired some valid data.
 */
int net80211_probe_step ( struct net80211_probe_ctx *ctx )
{
        struct net80211_device *dev = ctx->dev;
        u32 start_timeout = NET80211_PROBE_TIMEOUT * TICKS_PER_SEC;
        u32 gather_timeout = TICKS_PER_SEC;
        u32 now = currticks();
        struct io_buffer *iob;
        int signal;
        int rc;
        char ssid[IEEE80211_MAX_SSID_LEN + 1];

        gather_timeout *= ( ctx->essid[0] ? NET80211_PROBE_GATHER :
                            NET80211_PROBE_GATHER_ALL );

        /* Time out if necessary */
        if ( now >= ctx->ticks_start + start_timeout )
                return list_empty ( ctx->beacons ) ? -ETIMEDOUT : +1;

        if ( ctx->ticks_beacon > 0 && now >= ctx->ticks_start + gather_timeout )
                return +1;

        /* Change channels if necessary */
        if ( now >= ctx->ticks_channel + ctx->hop_time ) {
                dev->channel = ( dev->channel + ctx->hop_step )
                        % dev->nr_channels;
                dev->op->config ( dev, NET80211_CFG_CHANNEL );
                udelay ( dev->hw->channel_change_time );

                ctx->ticks_channel = now;

                if ( ctx->probe ) {
                        struct io_buffer *siob = ctx->probe; /* to send */

                        /* make a copy for future use */
                        iob = alloc_iob ( siob->tail - siob->head );
                        iob_reserve ( iob, iob_headroom ( siob ) );
                        memcpy ( iob_put ( iob, iob_len ( siob ) ),
                                 siob->data, iob_len ( siob ) );

                        ctx->probe = iob;
                        rc = net80211_tx_mgmt ( dev, IEEE80211_STYPE_PROBE_REQ,
                                                eth_broadcast,
                                                iob_disown ( siob ) );
                        if ( rc ) {
                                DBGC ( dev, "802.11 %p send probe failed: "
                                       "%s\n", dev, strerror ( rc ) );
                                return rc;
                        }
                }
        }

        /* Check for new management packets */
        while ( ( iob = net80211_mgmt_dequeue ( dev, &signal ) ) != NULL ) {
                struct ieee80211_frame *hdr;
                struct ieee80211_beacon *beacon;
                union ieee80211_ie *ie;
                struct net80211_wlan *wlan;
                u16 type;

                hdr = iob->data;
                type = hdr->fc & IEEE80211_FC_SUBTYPE;
                beacon = ( struct ieee80211_beacon * ) hdr->data;

                if ( type != IEEE80211_STYPE_BEACON &&
                     type != IEEE80211_STYPE_PROBE_RESP ) {
                        DBGC2 ( dev, "802.11 %p probe: non-beacon\n", dev );
                        goto drop;
                }

                if ( ( void * ) beacon->info_element >= iob->tail ) {
                        DBGC ( dev, "802.11 %p probe: beacon with no IEs\n",
                               dev );
                        goto drop;
                }

                ie = beacon->info_element;

                if ( ! ieee80211_ie_bound ( ie, iob->tail ) )
                        ie = NULL;

                while ( ie && ie->id != IEEE80211_IE_SSID )
                        ie = ieee80211_next_ie ( ie, iob->tail );

                if ( ! ie ) {
                        DBGC ( dev, "802.11 %p probe: beacon with no SSID\n",
                               dev );
                        goto drop;
                }

                memcpy ( ssid, ie->ssid, ie->len );
                ssid[ie->len] = 0;

                if ( ctx->essid[0] && strcmp ( ctx->essid, ssid ) != 0 ) {
                        DBGC2 ( dev, "802.11 %p probe: beacon with wrong SSID "
                                "(%s)\n", dev, ssid );
                        goto drop;
                }

                /* See if we've got an entry for this network */
                list_for_each_entry ( wlan, ctx->beacons, list ) {
                        if ( strcmp ( wlan->essid, ssid ) != 0 )
                                continue;

                        if ( signal < wlan->signal ) {
                                DBGC2 ( dev, "802.11 %p probe: beacon for %s "
                                        "(%s) with weaker signal %d\n", dev,
                                        ssid, eth_ntoa ( hdr->addr3 ), signal );
                                goto drop;
                        }

                        goto fill;
                }

                /* No entry yet - make one */
                wlan = zalloc ( sizeof ( *wlan ) );
                strcpy ( wlan->essid, ssid );
                list_add_tail ( &wlan->list, ctx->beacons );

                /* Whether we're using an old entry or a new one, fill
                   it with new data. */
        fill:
                memcpy ( wlan->bssid, hdr->addr3, ETH_ALEN );
                wlan->signal = signal;
                wlan->channel = dev->channels[dev->channel].channel_nr;

                /* Copy this I/O buffer into a new wlan->beacon; the
                 * iob we've got probably came from the device driver
                 * and may have the full 2.4k allocation, which we
                 * don't want to keep around wasting memory.
                 */
                free_iob ( wlan->beacon );
                wlan->beacon = alloc_iob ( iob_len ( iob ) );
                memcpy ( iob_put ( wlan->beacon, iob_len ( iob ) ),
                         iob->data, iob_len ( iob ) );

                if ( ( rc = sec80211_detect ( wlan->beacon, &wlan->handshaking,
                                              &wlan->crypto ) ) == -ENOTSUP ) {
                        struct ieee80211_beacon *beacon =
                                ( struct ieee80211_beacon * ) hdr->data;

                        if ( beacon->capability & IEEE80211_CAPAB_PRIVACY ) {
                                DBG ( "802.11 %p probe: secured network %s but "
                                      "encryption support not compiled in\n",
                                      dev, wlan->essid );
                                wlan->handshaking = NET80211_SECPROT_UNKNOWN;
                                wlan->crypto = NET80211_CRYPT_UNKNOWN;
                        } else {
                                wlan->handshaking = NET80211_SECPROT_NONE;
                                wlan->crypto = NET80211_CRYPT_NONE;
                        }
                } else if ( rc != 0 ) {
                        DBGC ( dev, "802.11 %p probe warning: network "
                               "%s with unidentifiable security "
                               "settings: %s\n", dev, wlan->essid,
                               strerror ( rc ) );
                }

                ctx->ticks_beacon = now;

                DBGC2 ( dev, "802.11 %p probe: good beacon for %s (%s)\n",
                        dev, wlan->essid, eth_ntoa ( wlan->bssid ) );

        drop:
                free_iob ( iob );
        }

        return 0;
}


/**
 * Finish probe of 802.11 networks, returning best-signal network found
 *
 * @v ctx       Probe context
 * @ret wlan    Best-signal network found, or @c NULL if none were found
 *
 * If net80211_probe_start() was called with a particular SSID
 * parameter as filter, only a network with that SSID (matching
 * case-sensitively) can be returned from this function.
 */
struct net80211_wlan *
net80211_probe_finish_best ( struct net80211_probe_ctx *ctx )
{
        struct net80211_wlan *best = NULL, *wlan;

        if ( ! ctx )
                return NULL;

        list_for_each_entry ( wlan, ctx->beacons, list ) {
                if ( ! best || best->signal < wlan->signal )
                        best = wlan;
        }

        if ( best )
                list_del ( &best->list );
        else
                DBGC ( ctx->dev, "802.11 %p probe: found nothing for '%s'\n",
                       ctx->dev, ctx->essid );

        net80211_free_wlanlist ( ctx->beacons );

        net80211_keep_mgmt ( ctx->dev, ctx->old_keep_mgmt );

        if ( ctx->probe )
                free_iob ( ctx->probe );

        free ( ctx );

        return best;
}


/**
 * Finish probe of 802.11 networks, returning all networks found
 *
 * @v ctx       Probe context
 * @ret list    List of net80211_wlan detailing networks found
 *
 * If net80211_probe_start() was called with a particular SSID
 * parameter as filter, this will always return either an empty or a
 * one-element list.
 */
struct list_head *net80211_probe_finish_all ( struct net80211_probe_ctx *ctx )
{
        struct list_head *beacons = ctx->beacons;

        net80211_keep_mgmt ( ctx->dev, ctx->old_keep_mgmt );

        if ( ctx->probe )
                free_iob ( ctx->probe );

        free ( ctx );

        return beacons;
}


/**
 * Free WLAN structure
 *
 * @v wlan      WLAN structure to free
 */
void net80211_free_wlan ( struct net80211_wlan *wlan )
{
        if ( wlan ) {
                free_iob ( wlan->beacon );
                free ( wlan );
        }
}


/**
 * Free list of WLAN structures
 *
 * @v list      List of WLAN structures to free
 */
void net80211_free_wlanlist ( struct list_head *list )
{
        struct net80211_wlan *wlan, *tmp;

        if ( ! list )
                return;

        list_for_each_entry_safe ( wlan, tmp, list, list ) {
                list_del ( &wlan->list );
                net80211_free_wlan ( wlan );
        }

        free ( list );
}


/** Number of ticks to wait for replies to association management frames */
#define ASSOC_TIMEOUT   TICKS_PER_SEC

/** Number of times to try sending a particular association management frame */
#define ASSOC_RETRIES   2

/**
 * Step 802.11 association process
 *
 * @v dev       802.11 device
 */
static void net80211_step_associate ( struct net80211_device *dev )
{
        int rc = 0;
        int status = dev->state & NET80211_STATUS_MASK;

        /*
         * We use a sort of state machine implemented using bits in
         * the dev->state variable. At each call, we take the
         * logically first step that has not yet succeeded; either it
         * has not been tried yet, it's being retried, or it failed.
         * If it failed, we return an error indication; otherwise we
         * perform the step. If it succeeds, RX handling code will set
         * the appropriate status bit for us.
         *
         * Probe works a bit differently, since we have to step it
         * on every call instead of waiting for a packet to arrive
         * that will set the completion bit for us.
         */

        /* If we're waiting for a reply, check for timeout condition */
        if ( dev->state & NET80211_WAITING ) {
                /* Sanity check */
                if ( ! dev->associating )
                        return;

                if ( currticks() - dev->ctx.assoc->last_packet > ASSOC_TIMEOUT ) {
                        /* Timed out - fail if too many retries, or retry */
                        dev->ctx.assoc->times_tried++;
                        if ( ++dev->ctx.assoc->times_tried > ASSOC_RETRIES ) {
                                rc = -ETIMEDOUT;
                                goto fail;
                        }
                } else {
                        /* Didn't time out - let it keep going */
                        return;
                }
        } else {
                if ( dev->state & NET80211_PROBED )
                        dev->ctx.assoc->times_tried = 0;
        }

        if ( ! ( dev->state & NET80211_PROBED ) ) {
                /* state: probe */

                if ( ! dev->ctx.probe ) {
                        /* start probe */
                        int active = fetch_intz_setting ( NULL,
                                                &net80211_active_setting );
                        int band = dev->hw->bands;

                        if ( active )
                                band &= ~NET80211_BAND_BIT_5GHZ;

                        rc = net80211_prepare_probe ( dev, band, active );
                        if ( rc )
                                goto fail;

                        dev->ctx.probe = net80211_probe_start ( dev, dev->essid,
                                                                active );
                        if ( ! dev->ctx.probe ) {
                                dev->assoc_rc = -ENOMEM;
                                goto fail;
                        }
                }

                rc = net80211_probe_step ( dev->ctx.probe );
                if ( ! rc ) {
                        return; /* still going */
                }

                dev->associating = net80211_probe_finish_best ( dev->ctx.probe );
                dev->ctx.probe = NULL;
                if ( ! dev->associating ) {
                        if ( rc > 0 ) /* "successful" probe found nothing */
                                rc = -ETIMEDOUT;
                        goto fail;
                }

                /* If we probed using a broadcast SSID, record that
                   fact for the settings applicator before we clobber
                   it with the specific SSID we've chosen. */
                if ( ! dev->essid[0] )
                        dev->state |= NET80211_AUTO_SSID;

                DBGC ( dev, "802.11 %p found network %s (%s)\n", dev,
                       dev->associating->essid,
                       eth_ntoa ( dev->associating->bssid ) );

                dev->ctx.assoc = zalloc ( sizeof ( *dev->ctx.assoc ) );
                if ( ! dev->ctx.assoc ) {
                        rc = -ENOMEM;
                        goto fail;
                }

                dev->state |= NET80211_PROBED;
                dev->ctx.assoc->method = IEEE80211_AUTH_OPEN_SYSTEM;

                return;
        }

        /* Record time of sending the packet we're about to send, for timeout */
        dev->ctx.assoc->last_packet = currticks();

        if ( ! ( dev->state & NET80211_AUTHENTICATED ) ) {
                /* state: prepare and authenticate */

                if ( status != IEEE80211_STATUS_SUCCESS ) {
                        /* we tried authenticating already, but failed */
                        int method = dev->ctx.assoc->method;

                        if ( method == IEEE80211_AUTH_OPEN_SYSTEM &&
                             ( status == IEEE80211_STATUS_AUTH_CHALL_INVALID ||
                               status == IEEE80211_STATUS_AUTH_ALGO_UNSUPP ) ) {
                                /* Maybe this network uses Shared Key? */
                                dev->ctx.assoc->method =
                                        IEEE80211_AUTH_SHARED_KEY;
                        } else {
                                goto fail;
                        }
                }

                DBGC ( dev, "802.11 %p authenticating with method %d\n", dev,
                       dev->ctx.assoc->method );

                rc = net80211_prepare_assoc ( dev, dev->associating );
                if ( rc )
                        goto fail;

                rc = net80211_send_auth ( dev, dev->associating,
                                          dev->ctx.assoc->method );
                if ( rc )
                        goto fail;

                return;
        }

        if ( ! ( dev->state & NET80211_ASSOCIATED ) ) {
                /* state: associate */

                if ( status != IEEE80211_STATUS_SUCCESS )
                        goto fail;

                DBGC ( dev, "802.11 %p associating\n", dev );

                if ( dev->handshaker && dev->handshaker->start &&
                     ! dev->handshaker->started ) {
                        rc = dev->handshaker->start ( dev );
                        if ( rc < 0 )
                                goto fail;
                        dev->handshaker->started = 1;
                }

                rc = net80211_send_assoc ( dev, dev->associating );
                if ( rc )
                        goto fail;

                return;
        }

        if ( ! ( dev->state & NET80211_CRYPTO_SYNCED ) ) {
                /* state: crypto sync */
                DBGC ( dev, "802.11 %p security handshaking\n", dev );

                if ( ! dev->handshaker || ! dev->handshaker->step ) {
                        dev->state |= NET80211_CRYPTO_SYNCED;
                        return;
                }

                rc = dev->handshaker->step ( dev );

                if ( rc < 0 ) {
                        /* Only record the returned error if we're
                           still marked as associated, because an
                           asynchronous error will have already been
                           reported to net80211_deauthenticate() and
                           assoc_rc thereby set. */
                        if ( dev->state & NET80211_ASSOCIATED )
                                dev->assoc_rc = rc;
                        rc = 0;
                        goto fail;
                }

                if ( rc > 0 ) {
                        dev->assoc_rc = 0;
                        dev->state |= NET80211_CRYPTO_SYNCED;
                }
                return;
        }

        /* state: done! */
        netdev_link_up ( dev->netdev );
        dev->assoc_rc = 0;
        dev->state &= ~NET80211_WORKING;

        free ( dev->ctx.assoc );
        dev->ctx.assoc = NULL;

        net80211_free_wlan ( dev->associating );
        dev->associating = NULL;

        dev->rctl = rc80211_init ( dev );

        process_del ( &dev->proc_assoc );

        DBGC ( dev, "802.11 %p associated with %s (%s)\n", dev,
               dev->essid, eth_ntoa ( dev->bssid ) );

        return;

 fail:
        dev->state &= ~( NET80211_WORKING | NET80211_WAITING );
        if ( rc )
                dev->assoc_rc = rc;

        netdev_link_err ( dev->netdev, dev->assoc_rc );

        /* We never reach here from the middle of a probe, so we don't
           need to worry about freeing dev->ctx.probe. */

        if ( dev->state & NET80211_PROBED ) {
                free ( dev->ctx.assoc );
                dev->ctx.assoc = NULL;
        }

        net80211_free_wlan ( dev->associating );
        dev->associating = NULL;

        process_del ( &dev->proc_assoc );

        DBGC ( dev, "802.11 %p association failed (state=%04x): "
               "%s\n", dev, dev->state, strerror ( dev->assoc_rc ) );

        /* Try it again: */
        net80211_autoassociate ( dev );
}

/**
 * Check for 802.11 SSID or key updates
 *
 * This acts as a settings applicator; if the user changes netX/ssid,
 * and netX is currently open, the association task will be invoked
 * again. If the user changes the encryption key, the current security
 * handshaker will be asked to update its state to match; if that is
 * impossible without reassociation, we reassociate.
 */
static int net80211_check_settings_update ( void )
{
        struct net80211_device *dev;
        char ssid[IEEE80211_MAX_SSID_LEN + 1];
        int key_reassoc;

        list_for_each_entry ( dev, &net80211_devices, list ) {
                if ( ! netdev_is_open ( dev->netdev ) )
                        continue;

                key_reassoc = 0;
                if ( dev->handshaker && dev->handshaker->change_key &&
                     dev->handshaker->change_key ( dev ) < 0 )
                        key_reassoc = 1;

                fetch_string_setting ( netdev_settings ( dev->netdev ),
                                       &net80211_ssid_setting, ssid,
                                       IEEE80211_MAX_SSID_LEN + 1 );

                if ( key_reassoc ||
                     ( ! ( ! ssid[0] && ( dev->state & NET80211_AUTO_SSID ) ) &&
                       strcmp ( ssid, dev->essid ) != 0 ) ) {
                        DBGC ( dev, "802.11 %p updating association: "
                               "%s -> %s\n", dev, dev->essid, ssid );
                        net80211_autoassociate ( dev );
                }
        }

        return 0;
}

/**
 * Start 802.11 association process
 *
 * @v dev       802.11 device
 *
 * If the association process is running, it will be restarted.
 */
void net80211_autoassociate ( struct net80211_device *dev )
{
        if ( ! ( dev->state & NET80211_WORKING ) ) {
                DBGC2 ( dev, "802.11 %p spawning association process\n", dev );
                process_add ( &dev->proc_assoc );
        } else {
                DBGC2 ( dev, "802.11 %p restarting association\n", dev );
        }

        /* Clean up everything an earlier association process might
           have been in the middle of using */
        if ( dev->associating )
                net80211_free_wlan ( dev->associating );

        if ( ! ( dev->state & NET80211_PROBED ) )
                net80211_free_wlan (
                        net80211_probe_finish_best ( dev->ctx.probe ) );
        else
                free ( dev->ctx.assoc );

        /* Reset to a clean state */
        fetch_string_setting ( netdev_settings ( dev->netdev ),
                               &net80211_ssid_setting, dev->essid,
                               IEEE80211_MAX_SSID_LEN + 1 );
        dev->ctx.probe = NULL;
        dev->associating = NULL;
        dev->assoc_rc = 0;
        net80211_set_state ( dev, NET80211_PROBED, NET80211_WORKING, 0 );
}

/**
 * Pick TX rate for RTS/CTS packets based on data rate
 *
 * @v dev       802.11 device
 *
 * The RTS/CTS rate is the fastest TX rate marked as "basic" that is
 * not faster than the data rate.
 */
static void net80211_set_rtscts_rate ( struct net80211_device *dev )
{
        u16 datarate = dev->rates[dev->rate];
        u16 rtsrate = 0;
        int rts_idx = -1;
        int i;

        for ( i = 0; i < dev->nr_rates; i++ ) {
                u16 rate = dev->rates[i];

                if ( ! ( dev->basic_rates & ( 1 << i ) ) || rate > datarate )
                        continue;

                if ( rate > rtsrate ) {
                        rtsrate = rate;
                        rts_idx = i;
                }
        }

        /* If this is in initialization, we might not have any basic
           rates; just use the first data rate in that case. */
        if ( rts_idx < 0 )
                rts_idx = 0;

        dev->rtscts_rate = rts_idx;
}

/**
 * Set data transmission rate for 802.11 device
 *
 * @v dev       802.11 device
 * @v rate      Rate to set, as index into @c dev->rates array
 */
void net80211_set_rate_idx ( struct net80211_device *dev, int rate )
{
        assert ( netdev_is_open ( dev->netdev ) );

        if ( rate >= 0 && rate < dev->nr_rates && rate != dev->rate ) {
                DBGC2 ( dev, "802.11 %p changing rate from %d->%d Mbps\n",
                        dev, dev->rates[dev->rate] / 10,
                        dev->rates[rate] / 10 );

                dev->rate = rate;
                net80211_set_rtscts_rate ( dev );
                dev->op->config ( dev, NET80211_CFG_RATE );
        }
}

/**
 * Configure 802.11 device to transmit on a certain channel
 *
 * @v dev       802.11 device
 * @v channel   Channel number (1-11 for 2.4GHz) to transmit on
 */
int net80211_change_channel ( struct net80211_device *dev, int channel )
{
        int i, oldchan = dev->channel;

        assert ( netdev_is_open ( dev->netdev ) );

        for ( i = 0; i < dev->nr_channels; i++ ) {
                if ( dev->channels[i].channel_nr == channel ) {
                        dev->channel = i;
                        break;
                }
        }

        if ( i == dev->nr_channels )
                return -ENOENT;

        if ( i != oldchan )
                return dev->op->config ( dev, NET80211_CFG_CHANNEL );

        return 0;
}

/**
 * Prepare 802.11 device channel and rate set for scanning
 *
 * @v dev       802.11 device
 * @v band      RF band(s) on which to prepare for scanning
 * @v active    Whether the scanning will be active
 * @ret rc      Return status code
 */
int net80211_prepare_probe ( struct net80211_device *dev, int band,
                             int active )
{
        assert ( netdev_is_open ( dev->netdev ) );

        if ( active && ( band & NET80211_BAND_BIT_5GHZ ) ) {
                DBGC ( dev, "802.11 %p cannot perform active scanning on "
                       "5GHz band\n", dev );
                return -EINVAL_ACTIVE_SCAN;
        }

        if ( band == 0 ) {
                /* This can happen for a 5GHz-only card with 5GHz
                   scanning masked out by an active request. */
                DBGC ( dev, "802.11 %p asked to prepare for scanning nothing\n",
                       dev );
                return -EINVAL_ACTIVE_SCAN;
        }

        dev->nr_channels = 0;

        if ( active )
                net80211_add_channels ( dev, 1, 11, NET80211_REG_TXPOWER );
        else {
                if ( band & NET80211_BAND_BIT_2GHZ )
                        net80211_add_channels ( dev, 1, 14,
                                                NET80211_REG_TXPOWER );
                if ( band & NET80211_BAND_BIT_5GHZ )
                        net80211_add_channels ( dev, 36, 8,
                                                NET80211_REG_TXPOWER );
        }

        net80211_filter_hw_channels ( dev );

        /* Use channel 1 for now */
        dev->channel = 0;
        dev->op->config ( dev, NET80211_CFG_CHANNEL );

        /* Always do active probes at lowest (presumably first) speed */
        dev->rate = 0;
        dev->nr_rates = 1;
        dev->rates[0] = dev->hw->rates[dev->channels[0].band][0];
        dev->op->config ( dev, NET80211_CFG_RATE );

        return 0;
}

/**
 * Prepare 802.11 device channel and rate set for communication
 *
 * @v dev       802.11 device
 * @v wlan      WLAN to prepare for communication with
 * @ret rc      Return status code
 */
int net80211_prepare_assoc ( struct net80211_device *dev,
                             struct net80211_wlan *wlan )
{
        struct ieee80211_frame *hdr = wlan->beacon->data;
        struct ieee80211_beacon *beacon =
                ( struct ieee80211_beacon * ) hdr->data;
        struct net80211_handshaker *handshaker;
        int rc;

        assert ( netdev_is_open ( dev->netdev ) );

        net80211_set_state ( dev, NET80211_ASSOCIATED, 0, 0 );
        memcpy ( dev->bssid, wlan->bssid, ETH_ALEN );
        strcpy ( dev->essid, wlan->essid );

        free ( dev->rsn_ie );
        dev->rsn_ie = NULL;

        dev->last_beacon_timestamp = beacon->timestamp;
        dev->tx_beacon_interval = 1024 * beacon->beacon_interval;

        /* Barring an IE that tells us the channel outright, assume
           the channel we heard this AP best on is the channel it's
           communicating on. */
        net80211_change_channel ( dev, wlan->channel );

        rc = net80211_process_capab ( dev, beacon->capability );
        if ( rc )
                return rc;

        rc = net80211_process_ie ( dev, beacon->info_element,
                                   wlan->beacon->tail );
        if ( rc )
                return rc;

        /* Associate at the lowest rate so we know it'll get through */
        dev->rate = 0;
        dev->op->config ( dev, NET80211_CFG_RATE );

        /* Free old handshaker and crypto, if they exist */
        if ( dev->handshaker && dev->handshaker->stop &&
             dev->handshaker->started )
                dev->handshaker->stop ( dev );
        free ( dev->handshaker );
        dev->handshaker = NULL;
        free ( dev->crypto );
        free ( dev->gcrypto );
        dev->crypto = dev->gcrypto = NULL;

        /* Find new security handshaker to use */
        for_each_table_entry ( handshaker, NET80211_HANDSHAKERS ) {
                if ( handshaker->protocol == wlan->handshaking ) {
                        dev->handshaker = zalloc ( sizeof ( *handshaker ) +
                                                   handshaker->priv_len );
                        if ( ! dev->handshaker )
                                return -ENOMEM;

                        memcpy ( dev->handshaker, handshaker,
                                 sizeof ( *handshaker ) );
                        dev->handshaker->priv = ( ( void * ) dev->handshaker +
                                                  sizeof ( *handshaker ) );
                        break;
                }
        }

        if ( ( wlan->handshaking != NET80211_SECPROT_NONE ) &&
             ! dev->handshaker ) {
                DBGC ( dev, "802.11 %p no support for handshaking scheme %d\n",
                       dev, wlan->handshaking );
                return -( ENOTSUP | ( wlan->handshaking << 8 ) );
        }

        /* Initialize security handshaker */
        if ( dev->handshaker ) {
                rc = dev->handshaker->init ( dev );
                if ( rc < 0 )
                        return rc;
        }

        return 0;
}

/**
 * Send 802.11 initial authentication frame
 *
 * @v dev       802.11 device
 * @v wlan      WLAN to authenticate with
 * @v method    Authentication method
 * @ret rc      Return status code
 *
 * @a method may be 0 for Open System authentication or 1 for Shared
 * Key authentication. Open System provides no security in association
 * whatsoever, relying on encryption for confidentiality, but Shared
 * Key actively introduces security problems and is very rarely used.
 */
int net80211_send_auth ( struct net80211_device *dev,
                         struct net80211_wlan *wlan, int method )
{
        struct io_buffer *iob = alloc_iob ( 64 );
        struct ieee80211_auth *auth;

        net80211_set_state ( dev, 0, NET80211_WAITING, 0 );
        iob_reserve ( iob, IEEE80211_TYP_FRAME_HEADER_LEN );
        auth = iob_put ( iob, sizeof ( *auth ) );
        auth->algorithm = method;
        auth->tx_seq = 1;
        auth->status = 0;

        return net80211_tx_mgmt ( dev, IEEE80211_STYPE_AUTH, wlan->bssid, iob );
}

/**
 * Handle receipt of 802.11 authentication frame
 *
 * @v dev       802.11 device
 * @v iob       I/O buffer
 *
 * If the authentication method being used is Shared Key, and the
 * frame that was received included challenge text, the frame is
 * encrypted using the cryptosystem currently in effect and sent back
 * to the AP to complete the authentication.
 */
static void net80211_handle_auth ( struct net80211_device *dev,
                                   struct io_buffer *iob )
{
        struct ieee80211_frame *hdr = iob->data;
        struct ieee80211_auth *auth =
            ( struct ieee80211_auth * ) hdr->data;

        if ( auth->tx_seq & 1 ) {
                DBGC ( dev, "802.11 %p authentication received improperly "
                       "directed frame (seq. %d)\n", dev, auth->tx_seq );
                net80211_set_state ( dev, NET80211_WAITING, 0,
                                     IEEE80211_STATUS_FAILURE );
                return;
        }

        if ( auth->status != IEEE80211_STATUS_SUCCESS ) {
                DBGC ( dev, "802.11 %p authentication failed: status %d\n",
                       dev, auth->status );
                net80211_set_state ( dev, NET80211_WAITING, 0,
                                     auth->status );
                return;
        }

        if ( auth->algorithm == IEEE80211_AUTH_SHARED_KEY && ! dev->crypto ) {
                DBGC ( dev, "802.11 %p can't perform shared-key authentication "
                       "without a cryptosystem\n", dev );
                net80211_set_state ( dev, NET80211_WAITING, 0,
                                     IEEE80211_STATUS_FAILURE );
                return;
        }

        if ( auth->algorithm == IEEE80211_AUTH_SHARED_KEY &&
             auth->tx_seq == 2 ) {
                /* Since the iob we got is going to be freed as soon
                   as we return, we can do some in-place
                   modification. */
                auth->tx_seq = 3;
                auth->status = 0;

                memcpy ( hdr->addr2, hdr->addr1, ETH_ALEN );
                memcpy ( hdr->addr1, hdr->addr3, ETH_ALEN );

                netdev_tx ( dev->netdev,
                            dev->crypto->encrypt ( dev->crypto, iob ) );
                return;
        }

        net80211_set_state ( dev, NET80211_WAITING, NET80211_AUTHENTICATED,
                             IEEE80211_STATUS_SUCCESS );

        return;
}

/**
 * Send 802.11 association frame
 *
 * @v dev       802.11 device
 * @v wlan      WLAN to associate with
 * @ret rc      Return status code
 */
int net80211_send_assoc ( struct net80211_device *dev,
                          struct net80211_wlan *wlan )
{
        struct io_buffer *iob = alloc_iob ( 128 );
        struct ieee80211_assoc_req *assoc;
        union ieee80211_ie *ie;

        net80211_set_state ( dev, 0, NET80211_WAITING, 0 );

        iob_reserve ( iob, IEEE80211_TYP_FRAME_HEADER_LEN );
        assoc = iob->data;

        assoc->capability = IEEE80211_CAPAB_MANAGED;
        if ( ! ( dev->hw->flags & NET80211_HW_NO_SHORT_PREAMBLE ) )
                assoc->capability |= IEEE80211_CAPAB_SHORT_PMBL;
        if ( ! ( dev->hw->flags & NET80211_HW_NO_SHORT_SLOT ) )
                assoc->capability |= IEEE80211_CAPAB_SHORT_SLOT;
        if ( wlan->crypto )
                assoc->capability |= IEEE80211_CAPAB_PRIVACY;

        assoc->listen_interval = 1;

        ie = net80211_marshal_request_info ( dev, assoc->info_element );

        DBGP ( "802.11 %p about to send association request:\n", dev );
        DBGP_HD ( iob->data, ( void * ) ie - iob->data );

        iob_put ( iob, ( void * ) ie - iob->data );

        return net80211_tx_mgmt ( dev, IEEE80211_STYPE_ASSOC_REQ,
                                  wlan->bssid, iob );
}

/**
 * Handle receipt of 802.11 association reply frame
 *
 * @v dev       802.11 device
 * @v iob       I/O buffer
 */
static void net80211_handle_assoc_reply ( struct net80211_device *dev,
                                          struct io_buffer *iob )
{
        struct ieee80211_frame *hdr = iob->data;
        struct ieee80211_assoc_resp *assoc =
                ( struct ieee80211_assoc_resp * ) hdr->data;

        net80211_process_capab ( dev, assoc->capability );
        net80211_process_ie ( dev, assoc->info_element, iob->tail );

        if ( assoc->status != IEEE80211_STATUS_SUCCESS ) {
                DBGC ( dev, "802.11 %p association failed: status %d\n",
                       dev, assoc->status );
                net80211_set_state ( dev, NET80211_WAITING, 0,
                                     assoc->status );
                return;
        }

        /* ESSID was filled before the association request was sent */
        memcpy ( dev->bssid, hdr->addr3, ETH_ALEN );
        dev->aid = assoc->aid;

        net80211_set_state ( dev, NET80211_WAITING, NET80211_ASSOCIATED,
                             IEEE80211_STATUS_SUCCESS );
}


/**
 * Send 802.11 disassociation frame
 *
 * @v dev       802.11 device
 * @v reason    Reason for disassociation
 * @v deauth    If TRUE, send deauthentication instead of disassociation
 * @ret rc      Return status code
 */
static int net80211_send_disassoc ( struct net80211_device *dev, int reason,
                                    int deauth )
{
        struct io_buffer *iob = alloc_iob ( 64 );
        struct ieee80211_disassoc *disassoc;

        if ( ! ( dev->state & NET80211_ASSOCIATED ) )
                return -EINVAL;

        net80211_set_state ( dev, NET80211_ASSOCIATED, 0, 0 );
        iob_reserve ( iob, IEEE80211_TYP_FRAME_HEADER_LEN );
        disassoc = iob_put ( iob, sizeof ( *disassoc ) );
        disassoc->reason = reason;

        return net80211_tx_mgmt ( dev, deauth ? IEEE80211_STYPE_DEAUTH :
                                  IEEE80211_STYPE_DISASSOC, dev->bssid, iob );
}


/**
 * Deauthenticate from current network and try again
 *
 * @v dev       802.11 device
 * @v rc        Return status code indicating reason
 *
 * The deauthentication will be sent using an 802.11 "unspecified
 * reason", as is common, but @a rc will be set as a link-up
 * error to aid the user in debugging.
 */
void net80211_deauthenticate ( struct net80211_device *dev, int rc )
{
        net80211_send_disassoc ( dev, IEEE80211_REASON_UNSPECIFIED, 1 );
        dev->assoc_rc = rc;
        netdev_link_err ( dev->netdev, rc );

        net80211_autoassociate ( dev );
}


/** Smoothing factor (1-7) for link quality calculation */
#define LQ_SMOOTH       7

/**
 * Update link quality information based on received beacon
 *
 * @v dev       802.11 device
 * @v iob       I/O buffer containing beacon
 * @ret rc      Return status code
 */
static void net80211_update_link_quality ( struct net80211_device *dev,
                                           struct io_buffer *iob )
{
        struct ieee80211_frame *hdr = iob->data;
        struct ieee80211_beacon *beacon;
        u32 dt, rxi;

        if ( ! ( dev->state & NET80211_ASSOCIATED ) )
                return;

        beacon = ( struct ieee80211_beacon * ) hdr->data;
        dt = ( u32 ) ( beacon->timestamp - dev->last_beacon_timestamp );
        rxi = dev->rx_beacon_interval;

        rxi = ( LQ_SMOOTH * rxi ) + ( ( 8 - LQ_SMOOTH ) * dt );
        dev->rx_beacon_interval = rxi >> 3;

        dev->last_beacon_timestamp = beacon->timestamp;
}


/**
 * Handle receipt of 802.11 management frame
 *
 * @v dev       802.11 device
 * @v iob       I/O buffer
 * @v signal    Signal strength of received frame
 */
static void net80211_handle_mgmt ( struct net80211_device *dev,
                                   struct io_buffer *iob, int signal )
{
        struct ieee80211_frame *hdr = iob->data;
        struct ieee80211_disassoc *disassoc;
        u16 stype = hdr->fc & IEEE80211_FC_SUBTYPE;
        int keep = 0;
        int is_deauth = ( stype == IEEE80211_STYPE_DEAUTH );

        if ( ( hdr->fc & IEEE80211_FC_TYPE ) != IEEE80211_TYPE_MGMT ) {
                free_iob ( iob );
                return;         /* only handle management frames */
        }

        switch ( stype ) {
                /* We reconnect on deauthentication and disassociation. */
        case IEEE80211_STYPE_DEAUTH:
        case IEEE80211_STYPE_DISASSOC:
                disassoc = ( struct ieee80211_disassoc * ) hdr->data;
                net80211_set_state ( dev, is_deauth ? NET80211_AUTHENTICATED :
                                     NET80211_ASSOCIATED, 0,
                                     NET80211_IS_REASON | disassoc->reason );
                DBGC ( dev, "802.11 %p %s: reason %d\n",
                       dev, is_deauth ? "deauthenticated" : "disassociated",
                       disassoc->reason );

                /* Try to reassociate, in case it's transient. */
                net80211_autoassociate ( dev );

                break;

                /* We handle authentication and association. */
        case IEEE80211_STYPE_AUTH:
                if ( ! ( dev->state & NET80211_AUTHENTICATED ) )
                        net80211_handle_auth ( dev, iob );
                break;

        case IEEE80211_STYPE_ASSOC_RESP:
        case IEEE80211_STYPE_REASSOC_RESP:
                if ( ! ( dev->state & NET80211_ASSOCIATED ) )
                        net80211_handle_assoc_reply ( dev, iob );
                break;

                /* We pass probes and beacons onto network scanning
                   code. Pass actions for future extensibility. */
        case IEEE80211_STYPE_BEACON:
                net80211_update_link_quality ( dev, iob );
                /* fall through */
        case IEEE80211_STYPE_PROBE_RESP:
        case IEEE80211_STYPE_ACTION:
                if ( dev->keep_mgmt ) {
                        struct net80211_rx_info *rxinf;
                        rxinf = zalloc ( sizeof ( *rxinf ) );
                        if ( ! rxinf ) {
                                DBGC ( dev, "802.11 %p out of memory\n", dev );
                                break;
                        }
                        rxinf->signal = signal;
                        list_add_tail ( &iob->list, &dev->mgmt_queue );
                        list_add_tail ( &rxinf->list, &dev->mgmt_info_queue );
                        keep = 1;
                }
                break;

        case IEEE80211_STYPE_PROBE_REQ:
                /* Some nodes send these broadcast. Ignore them. */
                break;

        case IEEE80211_STYPE_ASSOC_REQ:
        case IEEE80211_STYPE_REASSOC_REQ:
                /* We should never receive these, only send them. */
                DBGC ( dev, "802.11 %p received strange management request "
                       "(%04x)\n", dev, stype );
                break;

        default:
                DBGC ( dev, "802.11 %p received unimplemented management "
                       "packet (%04x)\n", dev, stype );
                break;
        }

        if ( ! keep )
                free_iob ( iob );
}

/* ---------- Packet handling functions ---------- */

/**
 * Free buffers used by 802.11 fragment cache entry
 *
 * @v dev       802.11 device
 * @v fcid      Fragment cache entry index
 *
 * After this function, the referenced entry will be marked unused.
 */
static void net80211_free_frags ( struct net80211_device *dev, int fcid )
{
        int j;
        struct net80211_frag_cache *frag = &dev->frags[fcid];

        for ( j = 0; j < 16; j++ ) {
                if ( frag->iob[j] ) {
                        free_iob ( frag->iob[j] );
                        frag->iob[j] = NULL;
                }
        }

        frag->seqnr = 0;
        frag->start_ticks = 0;
        frag->in_use = 0;
}

/**
 * Accumulate 802.11 fragments into one I/O buffer
 *
 * @v dev       802.11 device
 * @v fcid      Fragment cache entry index
 * @v nfrags    Number of fragments received
 * @v size      Sum of sizes of all fragments, including headers
 * @ret iob     I/O buffer containing reassembled packet
 *
 * This function does not free the fragment buffers.
 */
static struct io_buffer *net80211_accum_frags ( struct net80211_device *dev,
                                                int fcid, int nfrags, int size )
{
        struct net80211_frag_cache *frag = &dev->frags[fcid];
        int hdrsize = IEEE80211_TYP_FRAME_HEADER_LEN;
        int nsize = size - hdrsize * ( nfrags - 1 );
        int i;

        struct io_buffer *niob = alloc_iob ( nsize );
        struct ieee80211_frame *hdr;

        /* Add the header from the first one... */
        memcpy ( iob_put ( niob, hdrsize ), frag->iob[0]->data, hdrsize );

        /* ... and all the data from all of them. */
        for ( i = 0; i < nfrags; i++ ) {
                int len = iob_len ( frag->iob[i] ) - hdrsize;
                memcpy ( iob_put ( niob, len ),
                         frag->iob[i]->data + hdrsize, len );
        }

        /* Turn off the fragment bit. */
        hdr = niob->data;
        hdr->fc &= ~IEEE80211_FC_MORE_FRAG;

        return niob;
}

/**
 * Handle receipt of 802.11 fragment
 *
 * @v dev       802.11 device
 * @v iob       I/O buffer containing fragment
 * @v signal    Signal strength with which fragment was received
 */
static void net80211_rx_frag ( struct net80211_device *dev,
                               struct io_buffer *iob, int signal )
{
        struct ieee80211_frame *hdr = iob->data;
        int fragnr = IEEE80211_FRAG ( hdr->seq );

        if ( fragnr == 0 && ( hdr->fc & IEEE80211_FC_MORE_FRAG ) ) {
                /* start a frag cache entry */
                int i, newest = -1;
                u32 curr_ticks = currticks(), newest_ticks = 0;
                u32 timeout = TICKS_PER_SEC * NET80211_FRAG_TIMEOUT;

                for ( i = 0; i < NET80211_NR_CONCURRENT_FRAGS; i++ ) {
                        if ( dev->frags[i].in_use == 0 )
                                break;

                        if ( dev->frags[i].start_ticks + timeout >=
                             curr_ticks ) {
                                net80211_free_frags ( dev, i );
                                break;
                        }

                        if ( dev->frags[i].start_ticks > newest_ticks ) {
                                newest = i;
                                newest_ticks = dev->frags[i].start_ticks;
                        }
                }

                /* If we're being sent more concurrent fragmented
                   packets than we can handle, drop the newest so the
                   older ones have time to complete. */
                if ( i == NET80211_NR_CONCURRENT_FRAGS ) {
                        i = newest;
                        net80211_free_frags ( dev, i );
                }

                dev->frags[i].in_use = 1;
                dev->frags[i].seqnr = IEEE80211_SEQNR ( hdr->seq );
                dev->frags[i].start_ticks = currticks();
                dev->frags[i].iob[0] = iob;
                return;
        } else {
                int i;
                for ( i = 0; i < NET80211_NR_CONCURRENT_FRAGS; i++ ) {
                        if ( dev->frags[i].in_use && dev->frags[i].seqnr ==
                             IEEE80211_SEQNR ( hdr->seq ) )
                                break;
                }
                if ( i == NET80211_NR_CONCURRENT_FRAGS ) {
                        /* Drop non-first not-in-cache fragments */
                        DBGC ( dev, "802.11 %p dropped fragment fc=%04x "
                               "seq=%04x\n", dev, hdr->fc, hdr->seq );
                        free_iob ( iob );
                        return;
                }

                dev->frags[i].iob[fragnr] = iob;

                if ( ! ( hdr->fc & IEEE80211_FC_MORE_FRAG ) ) {
                        int j, size = 0;
                        for ( j = 0; j < fragnr; j++ ) {
                                size += iob_len ( dev->frags[i].iob[j] );
                                if ( dev->frags[i].iob[j] == NULL )
                                        break;
                        }
                        if ( j == fragnr ) {
                                /* We've got everything */
                                struct io_buffer *niob =
                                    net80211_accum_frags ( dev, i, fragnr,
                                                           size );
                                net80211_free_frags ( dev, i );
                                net80211_rx ( dev, niob, signal, 0 );
                        } else {
                                DBGC ( dev, "802.11 %p dropping fragmented "
                                       "packet due to out-of-order arrival, "
                                       "fc=%04x seq=%04x\n", dev, hdr->fc,
                                       hdr->seq );
                                net80211_free_frags ( dev, i );
                        }
                }
        }
}

/**
 * Handle receipt of 802.11 frame
 *
 * @v dev       802.11 device
 * @v iob       I/O buffer
 * @v signal    Received signal strength
 * @v rate      Bitrate at which frame was received, in 100 kbps units
 *
 * If the rate or signal is unknown, 0 should be passed.
 */
void net80211_rx ( struct net80211_device *dev, struct io_buffer *iob,
                   int signal, u16 rate )
{
        struct ieee80211_frame *hdr = iob->data;
        u16 type = hdr->fc & IEEE80211_FC_TYPE;
        if ( ( hdr->fc & IEEE80211_FC_VERSION ) != IEEE80211_THIS_VERSION )
                goto drop;      /* drop invalid-version packets */

        if ( type == IEEE80211_TYPE_CTRL )
                goto drop;      /* we don't handle control packets,
                                   the hardware does */

        if ( dev->last_rx_seq == hdr->seq )
                goto drop;      /* avoid duplicate packet */
        dev->last_rx_seq = hdr->seq;

        if ( dev->hw->flags & NET80211_HW_RX_HAS_FCS ) {
                /* discard the FCS */
                iob_unput ( iob, 4 );
        }

        /* Only decrypt packets from our BSSID, to avoid spurious errors */
        if ( ( hdr->fc & IEEE80211_FC_PROTECTED ) &&
             ! memcmp ( hdr->addr2, dev->bssid, ETH_ALEN ) ) {
                /* Decrypt packet; record and drop if it fails */
                struct io_buffer *niob;
                struct net80211_crypto *crypto = dev->crypto;

                if ( ! dev->crypto ) {
                        DBGC ( dev, "802.11 %p cannot decrypt packet "
                               "without a cryptosystem\n", dev );
                        goto drop_crypt;
                }

                if ( ( hdr->addr1[0] & 1 ) && dev->gcrypto ) {
                        /* Use group decryption if needed */
                        crypto = dev->gcrypto;
                }

                niob = crypto->decrypt ( crypto, iob );
                if ( ! niob ) {
                        DBGC ( dev, "802.11 %p decryption error\n", dev );
                        goto drop_crypt;
                }
                free_iob ( iob );
                iob = niob;
                hdr = iob->data;
        }

        dev->last_signal = signal;

        /* Fragments go into the frag cache or get dropped. */
        if ( IEEE80211_FRAG ( hdr->seq ) != 0
             || ( hdr->fc & IEEE80211_FC_MORE_FRAG ) ) {
                net80211_rx_frag ( dev, iob, signal );
                return;
        }

        /* Management frames get handled, enqueued, or dropped. */
        if ( type == IEEE80211_TYPE_MGMT ) {
                net80211_handle_mgmt ( dev, iob, signal );
                return;
        }

        /* Data frames get dropped or sent to the net_device. */
        if ( ( hdr->fc & IEEE80211_FC_SUBTYPE ) != IEEE80211_STYPE_DATA )
                goto drop;      /* drop QoS, CFP, or null data packets */

        /* Update rate-control algorithm */
        if ( dev->rctl )
                rc80211_update_rx ( dev, hdr->fc & IEEE80211_FC_RETRY, rate );

        /* Pass packet onward */
        if ( dev->state & NET80211_ASSOCIATED ) {
                netdev_rx ( dev->netdev, iob );
                return;
        }

        /* No association? Drop it. */
        goto drop;

 drop_crypt:
        netdev_rx_err ( dev->netdev, NULL, EINVAL_CRYPTO_REQUEST );
 drop:
        DBGC2 ( dev, "802.11 %p dropped packet fc=%04x seq=%04x\n", dev,
                hdr->fc, hdr->seq );
        free_iob ( iob );
        return;
}

/** Indicate an error in receiving a packet
 *
 * @v dev       802.11 device
 * @v iob       I/O buffer with received packet, or NULL
 * @v rc        Error code
 *
 * This logs the error with the wrapping net_device, and frees iob if
 * it is passed.
 */
void net80211_rx_err ( struct net80211_device *dev,
                       struct io_buffer *iob, int rc )
{
        netdev_rx_err ( dev->netdev, iob, rc );
}

/** Indicate the completed transmission of a packet
 *
 * @v dev       802.11 device
 * @v iob       I/O buffer of transmitted packet
 * @v retries   Number of times this packet was retransmitted
 * @v rc        Error code, or 0 for success
 *
 * This logs an error with the wrapping net_device if one occurred,
 * and removes and frees the I/O buffer from its TX queue. The
 * provided retry information is used to tune our transmission rate.
 *
 * If the packet did not need to be retransmitted because it was
 * properly ACKed the first time, @a retries should be 0.
 */
void net80211_tx_complete ( struct net80211_device *dev,
                            struct io_buffer *iob, int retries, int rc )
{
        /* Update rate-control algorithm */
        if ( dev->rctl )
                rc80211_update_tx ( dev, retries, rc );

        /* Pass completion onward */
        netdev_tx_complete_err ( dev->netdev, iob, rc );
}

/** Common 802.11 errors */
struct errortab common_wireless_errors[] __errortab = {
        __einfo_errortab ( EINFO_EINVAL_CRYPTO_REQUEST ),
        __einfo_errortab ( EINFO_ECONNRESET_UNSPECIFIED ),
        __einfo_errortab ( EINFO_ECONNRESET_INACTIVITY ),
        __einfo_errortab ( EINFO_ECONNRESET_4WAY_TIMEOUT ),
        __einfo_errortab ( EINFO_ECONNRESET_8021X_FAILURE ),
        __einfo_errortab ( EINFO_ECONNREFUSED_FAILURE ),
        __einfo_errortab ( EINFO_ECONNREFUSED_ASSOC_DENIED ),
        __einfo_errortab ( EINFO_ECONNREFUSED_AUTH_ALGO_UNSUPP ),
};

/* Drag in objects via net80211_ll_protocol */
REQUIRING_SYMBOL ( net80211_ll_protocol );

/* Drag in 802.11 configuration */
REQUIRE_OBJECT ( config_net80211 );